The Metropolitan Police of London, later also known as the Met, is founded

The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS), often referred to simply as the Metropolitan Police or Met Police, is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement in Greater London, excluding the City of London, which has its own police force (the City of London Police). It was established in 1829 by then Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel, making it the oldest modern police service in the world. Its creation was a significant step in the development of professional law enforcement, and it set the standard for police services worldwide.

The Battle of Chaffin’s Farm is fought in the American Civil War.

The Battle of Chaffin’s Farm, also known as the Battle of New Market Heights, was a significant engagement during the American Civil War that took place on September 29-30, 1864, in Virginia. It was part of the larger Union offensive known as the Richmond-Petersburg Campaign, which aimed to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond.

Context: By the fall of 1864, the Civil War had been raging for over three years, and the Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, was besieging the Confederate capital of Richmond and the nearby city of Petersburg. The Union forces had been trying to break through the formidable Confederate defenses surrounding these cities for months.

Objective: The primary objective of the Union offensive at Chaffin’s Farm was to extend their lines to the north and west of Richmond and potentially cut off Confederate supply lines. This would put additional pressure on the Confederate defenders and inch the Union closer to capturing the capital.

Troop Composition: Union forces, primarily consisting of the XVIII Corps under Major General Benjamin Butler, launched the assault. They were joined by the United States Colored Troops (USCT), who played a significant role in the battle. The Confederate defenders were commanded by General Richard H. Anderson.

Assault on New Market Heights: On September 29, 1864, Union forces launched a frontal assault against entrenched Confederate positions at New Market Heights. The assault was particularly challenging due to the well-fortified Confederate lines and the open ground that the Union troops had to cross. Despite heavy casualties, the USCT units displayed incredible bravery and determination and managed to capture some sections of the Confederate defenses.

Success at Fort Harrison: Concurrently, another Union force attacked Fort Harrison, a key Confederate fortification defending Richmond. After fierce fighting, Union troops captured the fort on September 29. However, holding it proved to be a difficult task as Confederate counterattacks ensued.

Outcome: While the Union forces did make significant gains during the Battle of Chaffin’s Farm, they were unable to capitalize fully on their success. The Confederate defenders managed to contain the Union advance and launch counterattacks, preventing the complete breakthrough that Grant had hoped for. The battle resulted in heavy casualties on both sides.

Aftermath: The Battle of Chaffin’s Farm marked a significant episode in the Richmond-Petersburg Campaign. Although the Union forces failed to achieve a decisive victory, they did manage to extend their lines and tighten the siege of Richmond. The battle also highlighted the bravery and effectiveness of the United States Colored Troops, many of whom received commendations for their valor in the face of heavy enemy fire.

Thomas Edison demonstrates his phonograph for the first time.

English forces defeat the French in Brittany, ending the War of the Breton Succession.

Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
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Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.

On this day in 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire. That was the beginning of the Italo-Turkish War it lasted from 1911 to 1912.

That war was surprisingly historically influential, although it was fought in an ostensibly marginal area. Specifically, it was something akin to a prelude to the Balkan wars, mainly because the Balkan states realized that Italy had defeated the Turkish forces relatively easily.

Therefore, the Italo-Turkish War was something akin to a “predecessor” of World War I. An additional historical significance of the Italo-Turkish War was the fact that aircraft were used for the first time for military purposes, reconnaissance and bombing of enemy positions.

When the Italo-Turkish War broke out, the Ottoman Empire still existed, and was nominally led by Sultan Mehmed V the penultimate sultan in the history of the Ottoman Empire.

King Victor Emmanuel III ruled Italy, and Giovanni Giolitti was the Italian Prime Minister. Italy won the war, and conquered the territory of Libya the former Ottoman Vilayet of Tripolitania. Thereafter, Libya became an Italian colony.

In addition to Libya, Italy conquered the Dodecanese Islands in the Italo-Turkish War, situated near the coast of Asia Minor.

It was a set of islands which had had great historical significance in ancient times. Rhodes, Patmos, Kos Hippocrates’s native island, Karpathos, and many others islands were among them.

The Italians had a significant impact on the conquered Ottoman territories, and the remains of Italian architecture can still be seen there.

The First Balkan War, in which Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece attacked the Ottoman Empire, began before the Italo-Turkish War ended.

The Metropolitan Police of London (known as the Met) is founded.

The Met are responsible for the policing of greater London and have counter terrorism responsibilities and are responsible for coordinating the protection of the British Royal Family. From the beginning in 1929 officers are often referred to as “bobbies”.

The British Mandate creating a Mandatory Palestine takes effect.