The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 between India and Pakistan over Kashmir ends after the United Nations calls for a ceasefire.

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a significant military conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between August and September 1965. It was the second major war fought between the two countries after their independence from British rule in 1947, and it was primarily driven by the long-standing dispute over the Kashmir region.

Causes of the War:

Territorial Dispute over Kashmir: The central cause of the war was the conflict over the region of Kashmir, which both India and Pakistan claimed as their own. The Kashmir issue had been unresolved since the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-48, resulting in a UN-mediated ceasefire and the establishment of the Line of Control (LoC), but no permanent resolution.

Operation Gibraltar: In early 1965, Pakistan initiated a covert operation called Operation Gibraltar, aimed at infiltrating forces into Indian-administered Kashmir to incite insurgency among the local Muslim population and cause instability. Pakistan believed that the Kashmiri people would rise up against Indian control, leading to an international intervention in its favor.

Escalation of Border Clashes: Initial skirmishes took place in the Rann of Kutch (April 1965) in the southern part of the Indo-Pakistani border, which set the stage for a larger conflict. By August 1965, fighting escalated along the Kashmir border, with India launching retaliatory attacks after Pakistani infiltrations.