Tag Archives: 1897

18 April 1897

Posted on by

The Greco-Turkish War is declared between Greece and the Ottoman Empire.

The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also known as the Thirty Days’ War, was a brief conflict between Greece and the Ottoman Empire. The war was primarily fueled by the Greek desire to expand its territory and liberate Greek-speaking populations under Ottoman rule, particularly in Crete and other parts of the Ottoman-occupied Balkans.
Causes

The immediate cause of the war was the Cretan Crisis. Crete had a large Christian population that was seeking either autonomy under Ottoman rule or union with Greece. Greek nationalism and public sentiment strongly supported these aspirations, and the Greek government eventually took military action in support of the insurgents in Crete, defying the Great Powers who had their own interests and plans for the region.
Key Events

January 1897: Tensions escalated when Greek forces landed in Crete to support the local Christian insurrection against Ottoman rule.
April 1897: Full-scale hostilities began. The Greek military, poorly equipped and badly led, quickly faced defeats on the Thessalian front.
May 1897: The Ottoman forces, better organized and more numerous, advanced into Greek territory, capturing key towns including Larissa and Trikala.

Outcome and Aftermath

The war was decisively won by the Ottomans. The Treaty of Constantinople was signed in December 1897, which imposed harsh terms on Greece:

Greece had to pay a large indemnity to the Ottoman Empire.
The Greek military was restricted in its operations near the Ottoman borders.
Territorial losses were minimal, but the defeat deeply embarrassed the Greek government and military.

The Great Powers intervened to enforce the peace and oversee the terms of the settlement. Their involvement highlighted the weakness of Greece and the Ottoman Empire in the face of European power politics.

Long-term Impact

It fostered a period of military and political reform in Greece, which eventually led to the modernization of the Greek army.
The issue of Cretan independence remained unresolved until the island was formally united with Greece after the Balkan Wars in 1913.
The defeat also set the stage for future Balkan conflicts, as the unresolved nationalistic and territorial disputes continued to fester in the region.

This conflict is often seen as a precursor to the larger Balkan Wars that took place in the early 20th century, reflecting the ongoing struggle for national identity and sovereignty in the region against the backdrop of declining Ottoman power.

1 November 1897

Posted on by

Italian Sport-Club Juventus is founded by a group of students of Liceo Classico Massimo d’Azeglio.

Juventus Football Club, commonly referred to as Juventus or simply Juve, is one of the most prominent and successful football clubs in Italy and Europe. Established in 1897, Juventus has a rich history and a large fan base. The club is based in Turin, a city in the Piedmont region of northern Italy. Juventus is known for its iconic black and white striped jerseys, which have earned the team the nickname “The Old Lady” (La Vecchia Signora).

History: Juventus has a storied history, having won numerous domestic and international titles. The club’s dominance in Italian football has earned it the nickname “The Bianconeri” (The Black and Whites).

Stadium: Juventus plays its home matches at the Allianz Stadium, formerly known as the Juventus Stadium, which was opened in 2011. It has a capacity of over 41,000 spectators.

Success: Juventus is the most successful club in Italian football history, having won multiple Serie A titles, Coppa Italia trophies, and Supercoppa Italiana titles. The club’s dominance in Serie A has seen it win numerous consecutive league titles.

European Success: Juventus has also had success in European competitions, particularly in the UEFA Champions League. The club has won the competition twice, with the most recent victory in 1996. They have been runners-up in the Champions League multiple times.

Rivalries: Juventus has fierce rivalries with other top Italian clubs, most notably with AC Milan and Inter Milan. Matches against these teams are highly anticipated and are referred to as the “Derby d’Italia.”

Legends and Players: Over the years, Juventus has been home to many legendary football players, including Alessandro Del Piero, Michel Platini, Roberto Baggio, and more. In recent years, the club has boasted talents like Cristiano Ronaldo, who joined in 2018.

Ownership: The club is owned by the Agnelli family through their holding company, Exor, and is managed by the Agnelli-owned Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA).

Women’s Team: In addition to the men’s team, Juventus has a successful women’s football team that competes in Serie A Femminile. They have won several league titles and have been competitive in Europe.

Youth Development: Juventus is known for its youth academy, which has produced many talented players who have gone on to have successful careers in football.

Fan Base: Juventus has a passionate and widespread fan base not only in Italy but also around the world. The club’s fans are known as “Juventini.”

31 August 1897

Posted on by

Thomas Edison get a patent for his Kinetoscope, the first movie projector.

8fef470989934a1e8919aad7377a4fe1--film-reels-edison-bulbs

Thomas Edison receives a patent for his movie camera, the Kinetograph. Edison had developed the camera and its viewer in the early 1890s and staged several demonstrations.

The camera was based on photographic principles discovered by still-photograph pioneers Joseph Nicephone Niepce and Louis Daguerre of France. In 1877, inventor Edward Muybridge developed a primitive form of motion pictures when Leland Stanford, governor of California, invited him to develop photo studies of animals in motion. Muybridge developed an ingenious system for photographing sequential motion, setting up 24 cameras attached to trip wires stretched across a racetrack. As the horse tripped each wire, the shutters snapped. The resulting series of photos could be projected as something resembling a motion picture. This breakthrough in the early 1870s inspired another student of animal motion, Etienne Jules Marey of France, to develop in 1882 a rotating camera rather like a rifle, where different pictures were taken in a rapid sequence by a rotating cartridge.

Unlike these earlier cameras, Edison’s Kinetoscope and Kinetograph used celluloid film, invented by George Eastman in 1889. In February 1893, Edison built a small movie studio that could be rotated to capture the best available sunlight. He showed the first demonstration of his films—featuring three of his workers pretending to be blacksmiths—in May 1893.

The invention inspired French inventors Louis and August Lumiere to develop a movie camera and projector, the Cinematographe, that allowed a large audience to view a film. Several other cameras and projectors were also developed in the late 1800s.

In 1898, Edison sued American Mutoscope and Biograph Pictures, claiming that the studio had infringed on his patent for the Kinetograph. He had entrusted the development of the machine to his assistant, W.L.K. Dickson, who left Edison’s company in 1895 and helped found Biograph. However, in 1902, the U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that although Thomas Edison had patented the Kinetograph, he only owned rights to the sprocket system that moved perforated film through the camera, not the entire concept of the movie camera.

In 1909, Edison and Biograph joined forces with other filmmakers to create the Motion Pictures Patents Company, an organization devoted to protecting patents and keeping other players from entering the film industry. In 1917, the Supreme Court dissolved the trust, and the Edison Company left the film industry the same year.

3 February 1897

Posted on by

The Greco-Turkish War starts.

The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days’ War and known in Greece as the Black ’97 or the Unfortunate War , was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and Ottoman Empire. Its immediate cause was the question over the status of the Ottoman province of Crete, whose Greek majority long desired union with Greece. Despite a decisive Ottoman military victory, an autonomous Cretan State under Ottoman suzerainty was established the following year, with Prince George of Greece and Denmark as its first High Commissioner. This was the first war effort in which the military and political personnel of Greece were put to test since the Greek War of Independence in 1821.

The most important wounds of the unfortunate war hurt Greece’s pride and prestige. Nobody ultimately assumed clear responsibility for all this; the initial anger of the throne and the successor became attenuated as time went by.
For reasons of ‘national dignity’, perhaps, the Greeks were content to adopt an anti-German attitude and the conspiratorial interpretation of history, neglecting, until recently, to examine more calmly what the Cyprian Salpix called ‘our noble blinding’.