Tag Archives: 1902

31 May 1902

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Second Boer War: The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the war and ensures British control of South Africa.

The Treaty of Vereeniging was signed on May 31, 1902, marking the end of the Second Boer War between the British Empire and the two Boer republics, the South African Republic (Transvaal) and the Orange Free State. This treaty concluded a conflict that had lasted from 1899 to 1902, resulting in significant casualties and economic disruption.

Provision of the Treaty:

End of Hostilities: The treaty ended the war, with the Boer forces agreeing to lay down their arms and cease fighting.

Sovereignty: The Boer republics were annexed by the British Empire, becoming colonies under British control. The Transvaal and Orange Free State lost their status as independent republics.

Property and Rights: The treaty included provisions for the protection of private property and civil rights. Boers were allowed to return to their homes without the threat of confiscation of property.

Language and Culture: The Dutch language was to be recognized alongside English in schools and law courts.

Political Future: The treaty promised eventual self-government for the former Boer republics, which was an important concession to the Boer leaders.

Compensation and Aid: The British government agreed to provide financial assistance to help rebuild and restore farms and infrastructure damaged during the war. A sum of £3 million was allocated for this purpose.

Non-Citizenship Rights: The treaty granted civil rights to white South Africans, but it did not extend these rights to the black population, laying the groundwork for future racial inequalities in the region.

17 May 1902

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Greek archaeologist Valerios Stais discovers the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient mechanical analog computer.

The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient Greek analog computer and orrery used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for calendrical and astrological purposes. Discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera shipwreck off the coast of the Greek island Antikythera, it is believed to have been constructed around 100 BCE.

Complexity: The mechanism consists of at least 30 meshing bronze gears, and its sophistication is comparable to 18th-century clocks. This complexity indicates a high level of engineering skill and knowledge of astronomy in ancient Greece.

Functionality: It could predict the positions of the sun, moon, and possibly the five known planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) on specific dates. It could also predict solar and lunar eclipses.

Design: The device was housed in a wooden box, with dials on the front and back. The front dial showed the zodiac and a calendar, while the back had two spirals representing the Metonic cycle (19 years) and the Saros cycle (18 years, 11 days).

Significance: The Antikythera mechanism is considered the earliest known example of a mechanical analog computer. Its discovery has significantly influenced our understanding of ancient Greek technology and their advancements in mathematics and astronomy.

The mechanism highlights the advanced technological capabilities of ancient civilizations and continues to be a subject of extensive research and fascination.

20 April 1902

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Pierre and Marie Curie refine radium chloride

Pierre and Marie Curie’s work on refining radium chloride was a significant milestone in the field of radioactivity, which eventually led to their Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.

Discovery of Radium: Marie Curie, alongside her husband Pierre, discovered radium in 1898 while investigating the radioactive components of the mineral pitchblende. They observed that pitchblende was more radioactive than uranium alone could account for, suggesting the presence of another radioactive element.

Extraction and Refining Process: The process of isolating radium was extremely laborious and required handling tons of pitchblende, from which only minute amounts of radium could be extracted. The Curies used a differential crystallization technique involving the repeated dissolution of barium-radium chloride in water and recrystallization to separate radium from barium. Radium has similar chemical properties to barium, making their separation challenging.

Refinement to Radium Chloride: Through their painstaking efforts, they refined radium to isolate it as radium chloride. They published the theoretical atomic weight of radium in 1902, and by 1910, Marie Curie and her colleague André-Louis Debierne successfully isolated radium in its pure metallic state.

Health Risks and Sacrifices: Both Curies worked under conditions that disregarded the health risks posed by radiation exposure. They experienced physical ailments likely due to their prolonged exposure to high levels of radioactivity, which were not well understood at the time.

Impact and Legacy: The discovery and isolation of radium were pivotal, leading to numerous applications in medicine and industry, particularly in cancer treatment and radiological equipment. Marie Curie’s later establishment of the Radium Institute in Paris became a center for medical research into cancer therapy.

Their work fundamentally changed scientific understanding of radioactive elements and their properties, laying the groundwork for the development of atomic physics and nuclear medicine.

17 July 1902

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Willis Carrier creates the first air conditioner.

On July 17, 1902, a young research engineer initialed a set of mechanical drawings designed to solve a production problem at the Sackett & Wilhelms Lithography and Printing Company in Brooklyn, New York. These were not the first drawings that 25-year-old Willis Carrier had prepared on behalf of his new employer, the Buffalo Forge Company. Since graduation from Cornell University a year earlier, this modest but gifted engineer had turned out designs for a heating plant, a lumber dry kiln and a coffee dryer, among others. Such products were the stock-in-trade of Buffalo Forge, a respected supplier of forges, fans and hot blast heaters.

This new design was different—so novel, in fact, that it would not only help to solve a problem that had long plagued printers, but would one day launch a company and create an entire industry essential to global productivity and personal comfort.

he problem began with paper. In the spring of 1902, consulting engineer Walter Timmis visited the Manhattan office of J. Irvine Lyle, the head of Buffalo Forge’s sales activities in New York. Timmis’ client, Sackett & Wilhelms, found that humidity at its Brooklyn plant wreaked havoc with the color register of its fine, multicolor printing. Ink, applied one color at a time, would misalign with the expansion and contraction of the paper stock. This caused poor quality, scrap waste and lost production days, Timmis said. Judge magazine happened to be one of the important clients whose production schedule was at risk. Timmis had some ideas about how to approach the problem but would need help. Was Buffalo Forge interested?

One of Lyle’s great skills was his ability to assess new business opportunities, and he grasped this one immediately. He knew that engineers had long been able to heat, cool and humidify air. Sometimes, as a result of cooling, they had also been able to reduce humidity. But precise control of humidity in a manufacturing environment—that was something entirely new. Lyle also had an innate ability for sizing up people. In this case, he believed he knew the engineer who could tackle this problem, a recent Cornell University graduate who had already impressed many people at Buffalo Forge. So, Lyle accepted Timmis’ challenge and sent the problem to Willis Carrier, the first step in a long and prosperous collaboration.

Lyle’s bet paid off. On October 21, 1903, he reported in a letter to his home office that, “The cooling coils which we sold this company have given excellent results during the past summer.” This confirmed his faith in both the opportunity, and in the exceptional talent of the young engineer who had directed the project. Willis Carrier had demonstrated the intellect, creativity and vision to assemble everything that had gone on before him, improve upon it, and create something entirely new.

The drawings were dated July 17, 1902. After that, nothing would be the same. Modern air conditioning was born.